Monday, September 24, 2012

Radio Free Europe




We have often pointed out that, in our view (which is not original - that we have not discovered America), the crisis experienced by the country in general and the eurozone, apart from the economic, has a geopolitical dimension: behind debt crisis hardly hiding the US-German conflict. The U.S. has every reason to seek the continuation of the situation after the Second World War Reserves in Western Europe: that of the (American) protectorate.
Germany has every reason (and ability) to challenge on behalf of at least this role. Much more Germany thought it had a chance to replace the U.S. as the leader of Europe.
Up to a point the Euro-Atlantic system worked complementary. The expansion, say, NATO countries with their former Eastern bloc proceeded step by step integration of these countries into the EU Then Germany made the strategic choice of enlargement leaving for later deepening and creating mechanisms that confer the EU the nature of the global player.
In other words, the Germans, in order to build up a market in which they were privileged position ignored that without a common foreign and defense in their own shop, the EU would have remained just a shop NATO.
That the Germans realized very quickly, when Bush began his crusade in Afghanistan and Iraq. In this case the new partners in the EU - And former countries of central and eastern Europe - were more Americans than Americans not allowing Germany to submit any question of U.S. policy.
Apparently the Germans, more than anyone, know what exactly is NATO: The (American) mechanism that keeps "Germany down, Russia out and America into Europe."
Where everything written above approach the complex reality of the day, one can easily understand why the Germans now appear late supporters of Greek views on the issue of inclusion of Macedonia in the EU According to the Greek position, be remembered, it means the country's accession to Euro-Atlantic institutions (EU and NATO) without first finding a solution to the name issue.
The German sensibilities made just yesterday by the Commissioner responsible for EU enlargement Commissioner Stefan Fule as follows, in a statement on radio "Free Europe» (Radio Free Europe) based in Prague:
"I think first of all it is important to say that there is no distinction: All neighbors are important for the candidate country, the country that wishes to join the EU (Note: he means FYROM). The case in relations with Greece are obvious: there is the name issue which must be resolved.
Beyond relations with Greece, all I hear most often about relationships and the complexity of relations with Bulgaria. I hear many statements by Bulgarian representatives who reported problems in the relations between Sofia and Skopje. This should be solved by politicians of both parties. Politicians in both countries have the responsibility.
The path to EU passes through good neighborly relations, and if you want to become a good member of the Union, the only way is to simultaneously become a good neighbor. "
These late German sensitivities are even more important since verified the information published  for the secret existence of proximity talks between Athens and Skopje under direct U.S. mediation.
The goal of this effort is the American FYROM's accession to NATO with the name (Greek usage) Upper Macedonia by the end of the year.
She obviously interesting to see what direction the Euro-Atlantic dipole tilt will Antonis Samaras ...

Here we should note and follows the candidate Cypriot president said the euro zone is really useless for the country, because the euro Cypriots wait a security in an economy and safety in living epippedo them, which ultimately never Done .... the IMF also stressed hard against Cyprus in case memoranda. You believe that Russia will tolerated; Of course not ... Russia wants to protect its naval base in Syria, however if dropped Aleppo then Russia loses any ground in the Mediterranean, thus keeping the cyprius outside the euro, IMF etc provides a basis for naval and treasure ....

Another point is the huge undersea quantities of natural gas and oil in the surrounding areas ... with aircraft carrier from the U.S. and a few submarines from Russia to protect them...  and have after many years of conflict Turkey and Israel ..


The Arabic Spring as we saw took place only to some countrys... they forgot Qatar and Saudic Arabia.. and of course any other coutry that they did not wanted to change the system....


Monday, September 10, 2012

CFD Analysis of Turbo Battery Charging System fo Hybrid Cars

Please, people that are not friends with innovation may not read that, i can not answer all questions.


This project consists of two major approaches, one of this is experimental approach and another is computational approach through CFD software. IC engines lose 42%  of their energy to exhaust. So a number of methods have been established to increase the performance of the internal combustion automobile engines. Turbo battery charger is a device which converts wasted exhaust gas energy into valuable electrical energy, which is used to charge the battery of vehicles. This part of project includes Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of this model and to compare the practical results with software results. Depending on the inlet velocity (exhaust pressure), the rpm of turbine changes and we get different levels of energy, from which we have compared the final power output. This project includes studies variation of different parameters like total and static pressure, velocity magnitude, temperature and kinetic energy throughout the case and the turbine, under various conditions to see how they will behave.


INTRODUCTION
1.1Summary

Turbo battery charging system converts the pressure energy into electrical power. This system uses the pressure and temperature of the exhaust which is sent through a or a set of nozzles and generates high velocity gases at the exit. This high velocity gas is being utilized to drive a turbo generator (turbine coupled with dynamo) which powers the auxiliary units such as car batteries, air conditioner headlight etc. So fuel
economy is greatly saved which is the need of the hour.

Figure 1.1 Symmetric diagram of Turbo Batter Charging System


In this turbo model we have used a single stage impulse turbine. This project incorporates the simple design of axial flow impulse turbine whose results are better than radial flow .


The second part of the project is the Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of fabricated model. CFD is the study of fluids to see how they will behave under various conditions and shows the interaction between solid and fluid part. In our project CFD analyse the exhaust gas which strikes on the blade of the turbine and gives the energy level that we should achieved. The high inlet velocity and pressure energy results in the rotation of the turbine by which we get some power output. So we have compared the practical results with
software results.

1.2 Benefits of Turbo Battery Charging System.

Now a day’s battery is charged through crankshaft. So a part of its energy is utilized in charging. We are using exhaust gas to charge the battery which is generally not used in any other purposes and simply wasted. So a part of energy is being saved as well as the overall power output got increased. By using this device we can generate the electricity which can be used to charge the battery. And can also be used to run air conditioner and to glow the head lights.

1.3 Limitations of Turbo Battery Charging System.

This device consists of a converging nozzle because of which a small back pressure may be generated. This back pressure can be harmful for engine for engine and an engine can work improperly.


2.1 Principle

During IC engine cycles at the exhaust stroke the piston moves from BDC to TDC that movement forces the gases through exhaust manifold. These hot gases come out through a converging nozzle with a high temperature and pressure and strike on the turbine results in the rotation of turbine wheel. A dynamo is connected which produces EMF. By this mechanism we can charge the battery. The main crankshaft can also be used to run a generator and supply electricity but this would mean that the transmission is to a large extent limited. So with this method we can transfer more percentage of power to the transmission.

The project is based on the Brayton cycle consist of two adiabatic work transfers and constant pressure heat transfer processes. At the first stage the gas undergo an isentropic, adiabatic compression. This stage increases the temperature pressure and density of the fluid. Second stage is the addition of heat at a constant pressure. In third stage the gas passes through an adiabatic, isentropic turbine which decreases the temperature and pressure of the gas. At the last stage the heated gas is removed.


2.2 Single Stage Impulse Turbine-

This model uses a single stage impulse turbine


WORK OUTPUT
F= Ms {Cw1-(-Cw0)}
= Ms(Cw1+Cw0)
F(axial) = Ms (Cfa - Cbl)
So,
W= Ms(Cw1-Cw0) Cbl






2.3 CFD VIRTUAL MODEL

A computational fluid dynamics technology that allow to study the dynamics of things that flow. We can built the computational model that represent a system that we want to study, than we apply the fluid flow properties to that model. CFD makes a virtual prototype of the device and the software will predict the output that related to the physical phenomena. So this method is a sophisticated computationally based
design and analysis techniques. It stimulates the flow of fluid, interaction of fluid and solid body, heat transfer, mass transfer and chemical reactions. Then we can apply the results of this virtual prototype in the real world physics.


OBJECTIVES:
3.1 Utilization of waste exhausts gas energy in electricity generation for battery
charging. Fabrication of turbo battery charging system.

3.2 Flow analysis of turbo battery charging system through CFD software


Our project have two aspects, one is practical aspect (that is the fabrication of turbo battery charger). We have already achieved this as our minor project. The second objective is to analyze the flow with software ‘..............’ and to compare the results with the practical results. This we are
doing second part as this project.





METHODOLOGY:
4.1 Practical part

A number of tests are performed on the prototype (average of three) at constant throttle varying load and constant load and varying throttle. Through the observations, results are calculated and graphs are plotted with final power output.


Calculations for tests on exhaust-
T= Sx R
S = reading of dial of hydraulic dynamometer ( final – initial , before starting the
engine), Kg
R= 0.32 m = distance from centre of dynamometer shaft to centre of spring balance
(dial) in m
BHP = (2.Π.N.T)/4500 horse power
1 horse power = 0.746 kW
So, B.P. in kW = (2.Π.N.T)/4500 X 0.746
Electric power =V.I watt


CFD solves the problem on the basis of finite volume method. Meshing is the division of objects into small-small set of finite volume called cells or grid.






The partial differential equations are converted into simple algebraic equations through discretization and then solved numerically to render the solution field. The results are achieved through a number of iterations and as much iteration we will do, as much as accuracy we can achieve. We have taken 2500 iterations to achieve efficient results.


4.3 Work output for turbine

Wturbine = ῃ . Cp . T4 (1-Tpr)(ɤ -1)/ ɤ ………………eq. 4.2
Where
ῃ = efficiency=1- T(outlet)/T(inlet)
Cp = specific heat at constant pressure
T4 = inlet temperature
Tpr= pressure ratio= P (outlet)/ P(inlet)
ɤ = 1.4 for exhaust gas






PRACTICAL RESULTS

Observations

5.1 Table for varying load:







5.2 Table for varying Throttle:




5.3 Calculations

Calculation for engine power:
T= Sx R
S = reading of dial of hydraulic dynamometer ( final – initial , before starting the
engine), Kg
R= 0.32 m = distance from centre of dynamometer shaft to centre of spring balance
(dial) in m
BHP = (2.Π.N.T)/4500 horse power
1 horse power = 0.746 kW
So, B.P. in kW = (2.Π.N.T)/4500 X 0.746
Electric power =V.I watt




To be continiue :)