"Germany is the largest debt sinners of the 20th century"

SPIEGEL ONLINE: Mr. Ritschl, Germany enters into the debate about financial aid for Greece on a know-how. The Federal Government is acting with their intransigence by the motto "money for you there is only if you do what we ask." Is this attitude justified?

DISPLAY

Ritschl: No, there is no basis.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: That probably most Germans see things differently.

Ritschl: That may be, but Germany has in the 20th Century laid the probably the biggest sovereign default in modern history. Its current financial stability and status as head teacher of Europe owes the Federal Republic of the United States alone who have renounced both after the first and after the Second World War a lot of money. Unfortunately, this is always forgotten.

SPIEGEL: What exactly happened there?

Ritschl: The Weimar Republic who lived from 1924 to 1929 on credit and borrowed money for their reparations from the First World War America. This credit pyramid collided in the economic crisis the 1931st The money was gone, the damage to the U.S. gigantic, the effect on the global economy devastating.

SPIEGEL: It was similar to the Second World War.

Ritschl: Since America has equally made sure not back high reparations were imposed on Germany. With few exceptions, all such demands were put on the back burner, until a future reunion. For Germany, which has been vital, it was the actual financial basis for the economic miracle. At the same time, the victims had the German occupation in Europe do without, including the Greeks.

SPIEGEL ONLINE: In the current crisis, Greece should first get 110 billion euros from the euro zone countries and the International Monetary Fund. Now, a further rescue package to be adopted, which should have similar dimensions. So it's about a lot of money. How big was the German state bankruptcy?

Ritschl: Measured in each case on the economic performance of the United States alone, German debt default in the thirties was as significant as the costs of the financial crisis of 2008. In comparison, the Greek payment problem is actually insignificant.

SPIEGEL ONLINE: Suppose there were a global ranking of bankruptcy kings. On which position would end Germany?

Ritschl: Germany's debt Kaiser: is calculated by the amount of damage compared to the economy of Germany's largest debt sinners of the 20th Century - if not the most recent financial history.

SPIEGEL ONLINE: Even Greece can not compete with us?

Ritschl: No, it plays a minor role in itself. Only the risk of contagion to other euro countries are the problem.

SPIEGEL ONLINE: The Federal Republic is considered the epitome of stability. How often because Germany was a total bust?

Ritschl: That depends on how you count. In English "haircut" - - only in the last century at least three times after the first debt default in the thirties of the Federal Republic in 1953 by the U.S., a haircut was missed, which reduced the debt problem by a voluminous Afro-Look on a fully bald head. Since then, Germany was as shiny as the other Europeans abrackerten with the burdens of the world war and the consequences of the German occupation. And even 1990 there was still a debt default.

SPIEGEL ONLINE: What?

Ritschl: Yes, then-Chancellor Helmut Kohl refused at that time to implement the London Agreement of 1953. It was stipulated that the German war reparations from World War II in the event of reunification must be regulated. It has handled only serve a small residual amounts. The guests were to minimal amounts. Reparations Germany has not paid since 1990 - apart from the forced labor compensation - and not in the Second World War, pressed out of the occupied countries loans and occupation costs repaid. Also to not Greece.

SPIEGEL ONLINE: Unlike in 1953 in Germany when it comes to the current debate on the Greek bailout even less a "haircut" as simply an extension of maturities of government bonds, ie a "soft restructuring". Can we then speak of an impending bankruptcy?

Ritschl: In any case. Even if a country is not blank hundred percent, it may be broke. Just like in the fifties, in the case of Germany, it is illusory to believe that the Greeks could ever pay off their debts alone. And who does not create is just broke. Must now be determined how high the failure rate of government bonds is, on how much money have to give the creditors of the country so. It's mostly a matter of finding the paymaster.

SPIEGEL ONLINE: The biggest paymaster would be Germany.

Ritschl: That's the bottom well, but we were also plenty of peace of mind - and our export industry has lived on the good jobs. The anti-Greek sentiment that is widespread in many German media is highly dangerous. And we sit in a glass house: Only by extensive debt and Reparationsverzicht its war dead from World War II, Germany's resurgence has become possible.

SPIEGEL: Germany should be restrained so more?

Ritschl: Germany in the 20th Century started two world wars, the second of which led the war of annihilation and extermination - and then have the enemies adopt reparations whole or to a considerable extent. That Germany owes its economic prosperity of the grace of other nations, including Greece, no one has forgotten.

SPIEGEL ONLINE: How do you mean?

DISPLAY

Ritschl: The Greeks know the enemy article from German media very well. If the mood in the country turns, old claims for reparations levied loud and also from other European countries and Germany would have to demonstrate this ever, we all stripped to his shirt. As we might be compared be grateful Greece luxuszusanieren at our expense. If we follow the propaganda and give the thick Emil, puffing a cigar and do not want to pay, then eventually the old bills will be presented again.
SPIEGEL: At least, finally, a few conciliatory tone: If you draw a lesson from history, which is currently the best solution would be for Greece - and Germany?

Ritschl: The German bankruptcies in the last century show: The sensible thing is to make now a real haircut. Who would have lent money to Greece, then give up a significant portion of its receivables. That would not cope with a number of banks, it would have to be new aid programs. For Germany could be expensive, but we have to pay either way. And after all, Greece would then have the chance of a new start.

WSJ: "The geopolitical Greece deserves far more than Portugal or Ireland"

"H Greece may be a small European economy, but, as illustrated by the story, the geopolitical importance is greater than that of Ireland or Portugal. Yet the sharp contraction in the Greek economy poses risks to overthrow the constitution by extremist political or military movements, with undetermined consequences. "

Put simply, the Wall Street Journal described the big guns that could use a Greece-centric and not "European" or "globalized" thinking Greek political leadership to give answers to those who believe that the country and its people must first suffer to "cleanse" (Calvinist-evangelical conception Merkel) and then come "the straight path", having paid for their sins.

Under commonly called Greece is "corner-shop" in an area such "stores" are paid chiliaplasia amounts than the debt. And just the fact that the Greek political leaders refuse to use this weapon, fearing lest "feelin gbad" major western political centers, and anyway owes its existence to the domestic political elite - assisted of course by major domestic large SMEs play the role of "watchdog" Troika - reserving the Greek people a real hell.

The Wall Street Journal, the article sets out its thinking on the future of Europe due to the debt crisis by making the assessment that "the recession plaguing Europe threatens to dissolve the Union."

Even if it manages to survive, as noted, "the influence of the world will fall", says the report excerpt of the French Foundation for Strategic Research, signed by François Heisbourg, who sees four scenarios for the future strategic Europe:

a) perpetuation of the current turbulent situation.

b) Creating a more integrated EU

c) Split the Eurozone, removing countries such as Greece.

d) Complete collapse of the Eurozone.

All possible leads to a change in the strategic field in Europe.

Regarding the third scenario for Greece, stated that poses risks both to the possibility of transmission of the financial crisis in other countries and geostrategic, as "not all countries have the same geostrategic significance."

Finally, it can be argued that a split is also the Eurozone will affect the process of EU enlargement in the Balkans, with the possible exception of Croatia, further destabilizing the region and undermining energy security, would pave the way to other forces, such as Russia and China to expand its influence in the region (Russian influence in Cyprus is already significant).

It is exactly the same attitude as that of proerdou of the German Association for Foreign Trade, Anton Berners, who warned that if the country entered the Eurozone, then "will be removed in practice by the European Union" and would "fall into the arms of Russia or China, causing a security problem for Europe. "

According to the version described by Mr. Berners had revealed and brought to the first publicity in Greece defencenet.gr the case of Greece leaving the eurozone and create a closer relationship with Russia or China, "Greece would obtain large Earnings and Europe would become a security problem, and for many decades! "

To question now is why wait what they will do or what will decide lenders for us not decide what to do and why we do not get our hands the fate of the nation and to chart a new course?

Did the same again should we start?

Solon's Seisachtheia was historic because it was the basis for the development of Athenian democracy and the great civilization that accompany it. However, the exemption of unsustainable burden of debt of Athenian citizens were not the only measure. The reforms of Solon consisted of three parts: the monetary reform and cutting new currency, the "haircut" of debts and not fully discharge the debtors and the most important structural changes of the Athenian economy, and which gave the biggest boost development.

Then the economy changed the Athenian model, exceeded that of the self-sufficient agricultural production and became a manufacturing, commercial and outgoing. Developed simultaneously and olive pottery, namely the production of vessels for storage and transportation of oil to other markets.

The marketing and distribution and transportation needs of the oil then forced the building of merchant vessels and the creation of the Athenian fleet, which employed many traders and seafarers, who vote Democratic and have the great and invincible base of the Athenian Republic, who ruled for almost two centuries.

So oil production, pottery, shipbuilding, fleet and commercial streets accompanied the Seisachtheia and brought great development and greatness of the Athenian Republic. These were the pillars of strategic power of the Athenian state, apparently the result of a holistic reform.

The Seisachtheia was only one part, necessary but not sufficient. And this should be our quest today. What we can accompany today claimed the settlement of debts and what are the respective contemporary of olive oil, pottery, shipbuilding and maritime trade routes? Did the same again should we start?

What is going on with the Country Debt !

Partners and lenders for three years they have done everything possible to persuade them that if Greek debt are unique and exclusive result of our own mismanagement. Many, however, have insisted from the beginning that the indebtedness is not Greek peculiarity, but a global problem that has no easy solution.

Themselves insisted that Americans and Europeans hide behind the Greek case to hide the global dimension of the problem of over-indebtedness. As time goes on, this view seems to be confirmed and explained the current clumsy European attitudes to the many Greek and endless efforts.

Unfortunately do everything possible to keep active the Greek problem to hide the corresponding problem of over-indebtedness of other large European countries, and certainly that of America.

In a few months, as the kisses to  the newly elected President Barack Obama in the U.S. debt problem will be revealed and will come to add infinite matter in the global debt crisis. And then you discovered that brave without setting a world without Seisachtheia like that inspired 2,500 years before Solon the Athenian, the world will not calm.

Which, we should note, that in addition to the other and allowed the development of democracy in ancient Athens. Perhaps such an international settlement of debts to anagennouse modern Republic.

Lets see the country debt from Wikipedia by Rank

Greece in No 20 ! ! !  So why US or UK or Germany are not under  bankruptcy? 

What about the per capital 

Luxembrourg? Are they still alive???? why they are not under  bankruptcy? what about Monaco and Netherlands? UK? Switzerland ? Norway?  What we have to notice is that Germany still are more friendly to  bankruptcy than Greece

Lets see the Debt by % of the GDP

The debt problem is not a Greek problem , it is the west world problem that we hide under the floor for many years, now it is to big to hide it......

Horten Brothers - Respect the Innovation guys

Before evoking the story of the Horten brothers and their strange machines, a review of some background is necessary.

As used as we are to visualize a traditional airplane with a fuselage, we are somewhat taken abashed when looking at a flying wing, and yet, its concept dates back from the dawn of aviation. The benefits of a flying wing become easy to understand when we consider that the fuselage and the tail section produce 30% to 50% of an airplane's drag, thus the reason that purists such as Lippisch or Northrop pursued this concept. The idea of a flying wing is far from being a novelty; it made its appearance at the birth of aviation, and it was a concept adopted by many precursors. 

Another essential fact to keep in mind for the comprehension of the Horten brothers' work is to recall the importance that the glider and soaring played in the history of aviation. 

The Horten Brothers

While many researchers towards the end of the XIX^thcentury were trying to create a motorized machine, some purists and grand precursors such as Lilienthal or Ferber believed that a flying machine should be aerodynamically efficient and easy to fly before installing an engine. We must note in passing that Lilienthal had conceived gliders without a tail section before the year 1900
The Horten brothers would become the virtuosos of the flying wing, testing with stubbornness their machines without neither fuselage nor tail section in gliding flight before even thinking of adapting them with an engine. Obsession? Maybe…Whatever the reasons, they would design flying wings exclusively. No other type of flying machine would come out of their drawing board.

                                                                Walter Horten in 1929

Born at the beginning of the 20^th century, the brothers had developed from childhood a passion for the concept of a machine flying with the purest of qualities. The Versailles treaty of 1919 theoretically banned the rearmament of Germany, particularly by drastically limiting its aeronautical production. This is how glider flying and soaring in Germany came to play such an important part between the wars, not only in the training of pilots but also in aeronautical research. The renowned Wasserkuppe meetings would provide the perfect stage for the advancement of those researches.

Horten Brothers with their first Glider

It is within this time frame that Walter and Reimar Horten developed, and built their first flying wing before reaching the age of twenty after studying the work of von Prandlt (published in 1918) on aerodynamics with the emphasis on the benefits of the thick wing. They also benefited from indulgent parents that allowed them to transform the family's house living room into a workshop.

First Step

During the entire period that preceded the Second World War, the brothers conceived machines having constantly improved performance.

Their first glider, the Horten Ho I, was first flight tested at Bonn-Hagelar in July 1933. Although it was not a complete success, it opened the way for other models, including the Ho IV with a high aspect ratio wing of 24 meters in span, as well as their Ho III that soared to 7000 meters in 1938.

The Horten V

When the hostilities began in World War two, the Horten brothers were of course assigned to the Luftwaffe. Wolfram, the third brother was shotdown over Dunkerque flying a Heinkel He-111, whereas Walter flew Messerschmitt Bf-109 for 6 months. Reimar was also trained on the Bf-109 but he was soon transferred to a special unit preparing for operation "Sealöwe" (Operation Sea Lion) having for objective the invasion of England. For this operation the Luftwaffe had created a special glider unit. More than 80 aircraft, had been assigned to this operation to deliver ammunitions and supplies for the troops of the invasion force, it included five Ho III and two Ho II especially equipped for this mission. The third Reich had once again found in the gliding schools a mean of "feeding" its war machine.


We know now that the tenacity and dedication of the British RAF pilots caused the invasion of England to be cancelled indefinitely. The cancellation of operation "Sea Lion" actually benefited the Horten brothers, permitting them to continue their projects, whereas the glider pilot training center was transferred to Königsberg. They concentrated on the repairs of their damaged gliders, and to the development of new models supported by Ernst Udet.
In 1942, the Luftwaffe advised Reimar that it was searching for an aircraft, which they could use to test a Schmitt-Argus pulse jet engine. They asked him if he thought that le Ho V two-seater could serve that purpose. According to certain sources, this decision came about following reports from German spies in the USA regarding the work of Northrop. The Ho V structure did not permit such mean of high thrust propulsion so the Horten brothers returned to the drawing board and conceived a stronger and larger wing. It would be the Ho VII, a machine equipped with two "pusher" type propellers and a pulse jet engine.

This new venture did not stop the brothers from pursuing their fundamental researches. As Etrich in 1908, they would be intrigued by the "flying seed" Zanonia Macrocarpia, which inspired them for the design of their amazing "Parabola".


But it was wartime and Göering was demanding his "1000X1000X1000". What was that all about? Nothing else than an airplane capable of transporting on a distance of 1000 kilometers from its base, 1000 kilos of bombs at a speed of 1000 kilometers per hour.
It was apparently a very unrealistic project for the era, but one that the Hortens (as well as other German engineers such as those from Focke Wulf) came very close to realizing and make operational.


Six months! That was the maximum time allowed to the brothers to have them conceive a prototype, including the assembly methods. It must be remembered that in 1944 the Luftwaffe was already in a desperate state. The glider prototype was ready in a very short time, built of materials consisting of plywood made with a special solvent resistant glue, and some parts of the machine were even made of composite material. Duraluminum had become a rare strategic material in Germany, and its use would have required highly qualified labor, which had been absorbed to serve on the battlefields.

The Horten IX

On March 1^st 1944, the Ho IX made its first gliding flight at Göttingen. A second machine had been built to be fitted with turbojet engines. Those turbojets promised for a March delivery were late to be delivered, and when they arrived it was a serious disappointment for the Horten brothers. They had been provided with Jumo 004B of 80 centimeters in diameter, whereas the planned jet engines were not supposed to exceed 60 centimeters! For a more classic machine such as the Me-262, it would not have been an insurmountable problem, but for a flying wing in which the jet engines were to be incorporated, it was a different problem. It would have been necessary to completely redesign the Ho IX, but time no longer permitted such a project. Or, it would have been necessary to substantially increase the wingspan, rendering the airplane unable to achieve the speeds adamantly required by Göering. The Horten brothers therefore resorted to "make do" ingenuity and the machine were ready for test flight at the end of 1944.

The Horten 229

Test pilot Lieutenant Erwin Ziller's logbook shows that the first flight with the turbojet engines took place on February 2^nd 1945, but Reimar Horten asserts that December 18^th1944 was the date of this particular flight.
The RLM (German Air Ministry) had shown satisfaction with the Ho IX, and giving it the code 8-229 it entrusted its construction to the Gothaer Waggonfabrik works. Twenty of the machine's first model was ordered. Several other models had been planned, including two-seaters for training, and night fighters equipped with radar.  We must note in passing that the Horten brothers had developed a special revetment for their Ho IX, made of glue, soot, and charcoal powder, making this already furtive machine practically undetectable with radar.



Walter Horten (born 13 November 1913; died 9 December 1998 in Baden-Baden, Germany) and Reimar Horten (born 12 March 1915; died 14 August 1993 in Villa General Belgrano, Argentina), sometimes credited as the Horten Brothers, were German aircraft pilots and enthusiasts, and members of the Hitler Youth and Nazi party.  Although they had little, if any, formal training in aeronautics or related fields, the Hortens designed some of the most advanced aircraft of the 1940s, including the world's first jet-powered flying wing, the Horten Ho 229.

The first Horten in Museum 

A design from the NAZI stores

 Full scale replica built by Northrop Grumman to test radar signature

Radio Free Europe

We have often pointed out that, in our view (which is not original - that we have not discovered America), the crisis experienced by the country in general and the eurozone, apart from the economic, has a geopolitical dimension: behind debt crisis hardly hiding the US-German conflict. The U.S. has every reason to seek the continuation of the situation after the Second World War Reserves in Western Europe: that of the (American) protectorate.
Germany has every reason (and ability) to challenge on behalf of at least this role. Much more Germany thought it had a chance to replace the U.S. as the leader of Europe.
Up to a point the Euro-Atlantic system worked complementary. The expansion, say, NATO countries with their former Eastern bloc proceeded step by step integration of these countries into the EU Then Germany made the strategic choice of enlargement leaving for later deepening and creating mechanisms that confer the EU the nature of the global player.
In other words, the Germans, in order to build up a market in which they were privileged position ignored that without a common foreign and defense in their own shop, the EU would have remained just a shop NATO.
That the Germans realized very quickly, when Bush began his crusade in Afghanistan and Iraq. In this case the new partners in the EU - And former countries of central and eastern Europe - were more Americans than Americans not allowing Germany to submit any question of U.S. policy.
Apparently the Germans, more than anyone, know what exactly is NATO: The (American) mechanism that keeps "Germany down, Russia out and America into Europe."
Where everything written above approach the complex reality of the day, one can easily understand why the Germans now appear late supporters of Greek views on the issue of inclusion of Macedonia in the EU According to the Greek position, be remembered, it means the country's accession to Euro-Atlantic institutions (EU and NATO) without first finding a solution to the name issue.
The German sensibilities made just yesterday by the Commissioner responsible for EU enlargement Commissioner Stefan Fule as follows, in a statement on radio "Free Europe» (Radio Free Europe) based in Prague:
"I think first of all it is important to say that there is no distinction: All neighbors are important for the candidate country, the country that wishes to join the EU (Note: he means FYROM). The case in relations with Greece are obvious: there is the name issue which must be resolved.
Beyond relations with Greece, all I hear most often about relationships and the complexity of relations with Bulgaria. I hear many statements by Bulgarian representatives who reported problems in the relations between Sofia and Skopje. This should be solved by politicians of both parties. Politicians in both countries have the responsibility.
The path to EU passes through good neighborly relations, and if you want to become a good member of the Union, the only way is to simultaneously become a good neighbor. "
These late German sensitivities are even more important since verified the information published  for the secret existence of proximity talks between Athens and Skopje under direct U.S. mediation.
The goal of this effort is the American FYROM's accession to NATO with the name (Greek usage) Upper Macedonia by the end of the year.
She obviously interesting to see what direction the Euro-Atlantic dipole tilt will Antonis Samaras ...

Here we should note and follows the candidate Cypriot president said the euro zone is really useless for the country, because the euro Cypriots wait a security in an economy and safety in living epippedo them, which ultimately never Done .... the IMF also stressed hard against Cyprus in case memoranda. You believe that Russia will tolerated; Of course not ... Russia wants to protect its naval base in Syria, however if dropped Aleppo then Russia loses any ground in the Mediterranean, thus keeping the cyprius outside the euro, IMF etc provides a basis for naval and treasure ....

Another point is the huge undersea quantities of natural gas and oil in the surrounding areas ... with aircraft carrier from the U.S. and a few submarines from Russia to protect them...  and have after many years of conflict Turkey and Israel ..

The Arabic Spring as we saw took place only to some countrys... they forgot Qatar and Saudic Arabia.. and of course any other coutry that they did not wanted to change the system....

CFD Analysis of Turbo Battery Charging System fo Hybrid Cars

Please, people that are not friends with innovation may not read that, i can not answer all questions.


This project consists of two major approaches, one of this is experimental approach and another is computational approach through CFD software. IC engines lose 42%  of their energy to exhaust. So a number of methods have been established to increase the performance of the internal combustion automobile engines. Turbo battery charger is a device which converts wasted exhaust gas energy into valuable electrical energy, which is used to charge the battery of vehicles. This part of project includes Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of this model and to compare the practical results with software results. Depending on the inlet velocity (exhaust pressure), the rpm of turbine changes and we get different levels of energy, from which we have compared the final power output. This project includes studies variation of different parameters like total and static pressure, velocity magnitude, temperature and kinetic energy throughout the case and the turbine, under various conditions to see how they will behave.


INTRODUCTION
1.1Summary

Turbo battery charging system converts the pressure energy into electrical power. This system uses the pressure and temperature of the exhaust which is sent through a or a set of nozzles and generates high velocity gases at the exit. This high velocity gas is being utilized to drive a turbo generator (turbine coupled with dynamo) which powers the auxiliary units such as car batteries, air conditioner headlight etc. So fuel
economy is greatly saved which is the need of the hour.

Figure 1.1 Symmetric diagram of Turbo Batter Charging System


In this turbo model we have used a single stage impulse turbine. This project incorporates the simple design of axial flow impulse turbine whose results are better than radial flow .


The second part of the project is the Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of fabricated model. CFD is the study of fluids to see how they will behave under various conditions and shows the interaction between solid and fluid part. In our project CFD analyse the exhaust gas which strikes on the blade of the turbine and gives the energy level that we should achieved. The high inlet velocity and pressure energy results in the rotation of the turbine by which we get some power output. So we have compared the practical results with
software results.

1.2 Benefits of Turbo Battery Charging System.

Now a day’s battery is charged through crankshaft. So a part of its energy is utilized in charging. We are using exhaust gas to charge the battery which is generally not used in any other purposes and simply wasted. So a part of energy is being saved as well as the overall power output got increased. By using this device we can generate the electricity which can be used to charge the battery. And can also be used to run air conditioner and to glow the head lights.

1.3 Limitations of Turbo Battery Charging System.

This device consists of a converging nozzle because of which a small back pressure may be generated. This back pressure can be harmful for engine for engine and an engine can work improperly.


2.1 Principle

During IC engine cycles at the exhaust stroke the piston moves from BDC to TDC that movement forces the gases through exhaust manifold. These hot gases come out through a converging nozzle with a high temperature and pressure and strike on the turbine results in the rotation of turbine wheel. A dynamo is connected which produces EMF. By this mechanism we can charge the battery. The main crankshaft can also be used to run a generator and supply electricity but this would mean that the transmission is to a large extent limited. So with this method we can transfer more percentage of power to the transmission.

The project is based on the Brayton cycle consist of two adiabatic work transfers and constant pressure heat transfer processes. At the first stage the gas undergo an isentropic, adiabatic compression. This stage increases the temperature pressure and density of the fluid. Second stage is the addition of heat at a constant pressure. In third stage the gas passes through an adiabatic, isentropic turbine which decreases the temperature and pressure of the gas. At the last stage the heated gas is removed.


2.2 Single Stage Impulse Turbine-

This model uses a single stage impulse turbine


WORK OUTPUT
F= Ms {Cw1-(-Cw0)}
= Ms(Cw1+Cw0)
F(axial) = Ms (Cfa - Cbl)
So,
W= Ms(Cw1-Cw0) Cbl






2.3 CFD VIRTUAL MODEL

A computational fluid dynamics technology that allow to study the dynamics of things that flow. We can built the computational model that represent a system that we want to study, than we apply the fluid flow properties to that model. CFD makes a virtual prototype of the device and the software will predict the output that related to the physical phenomena. So this method is a sophisticated computationally based
design and analysis techniques. It stimulates the flow of fluid, interaction of fluid and solid body, heat transfer, mass transfer and chemical reactions. Then we can apply the results of this virtual prototype in the real world physics.


OBJECTIVES:
3.1 Utilization of waste exhausts gas energy in electricity generation for battery
charging. Fabrication of turbo battery charging system.

3.2 Flow analysis of turbo battery charging system through CFD software


Our project have two aspects, one is practical aspect (that is the fabrication of turbo battery charger). We have already achieved this as our minor project. The second objective is to analyze the flow with software ‘..............’ and to compare the results with the practical results. This we are
doing second part as this project.





METHODOLOGY:
4.1 Practical part

A number of tests are performed on the prototype (average of three) at constant throttle varying load and constant load and varying throttle. Through the observations, results are calculated and graphs are plotted with final power output.


Calculations for tests on exhaust-
T= Sx R
S = reading of dial of hydraulic dynamometer ( final – initial , before starting the
engine), Kg
R= 0.32 m = distance from centre of dynamometer shaft to centre of spring balance
(dial) in m
BHP = (2.Π.N.T)/4500 horse power
1 horse power = 0.746 kW
So, B.P. in kW = (2.Π.N.T)/4500 X 0.746
Electric power =V.I watt


CFD solves the problem on the basis of finite volume method. Meshing is the division of objects into small-small set of finite volume called cells or grid.

The partial differential equations are converted into simple algebraic equations through discretization and then solved numerically to render the solution field. The results are achieved through a number of iterations and as much iteration we will do, as much as accuracy we can achieve. We have taken 2500 iterations to achieve efficient results.


4.3 Work output for turbine

Wturbine = ῃ . Cp . T4 (1-Tpr)(ɤ -1)/ ɤ ………………eq. 4.2
Where
ῃ = efficiency=1- T(outlet)/T(inlet)
Cp = specific heat at constant pressure
T4 = inlet temperature
Tpr= pressure ratio= P (outlet)/ P(inlet)
ɤ = 1.4 for exhaust gas






PRACTICAL RESULTS

Observations

5.1 Table for varying load:

5.2 Table for varying Throttle:

5.3 Calculations

Calculation for engine power:
T= Sx R
S = reading of dial of hydraulic dynamometer ( final – initial , before starting the
engine), Kg
R= 0.32 m = distance from centre of dynamometer shaft to centre of spring balance
(dial) in m
BHP = (2.Π.N.T)/4500 horse power
1 horse power = 0.746 kW
So, B.P. in kW = (2.Π.N.T)/4500 X 0.746
Electric power =V.I watt




To be continiue :)